One Place Study, 14 St. John's Square - Mary Clarkson (nee Cockell)

Tony Smith
May 6
19 min read

14 St. John's Square © Ancestral Enquiries 2026

This latest blog from St. John's Square charts the life of Mary Clarkson who was a resident at 14 St. John's Square in June 1921.

Her story began on the 19th July 1849 when Mary was born at Common End, Sandal, Wakefield as Mary Cockell. Her mother was Jane Cockell (nee Brook) and her father Joseph Cockell was a porter (1).

Mary Cockell Birth, Wakefield, 1849. © General Register Office (1)

The connection with St. John's Square for Mary began much earlier when her parents Joseph and Jane were married by banns at the St. John the Baptist Church on the 25th December 1842 by the Reverend Thomas Kilby. Their address was given as Calder Row which was located on the left hand side where Bridge Street and Doncaster Road intersect, near to where the Hepworth Gallery is situated now. At the time Cravens Boat Yard was close by and Mary's father William Brook's occupation was a waterman (2 & 3).

Joseph Cockell & Jane Brook Parish Marriage, 1842 © West Yorkshire Archives, Wakefield & Ancestry (2)

In the 19th century Wakefield's principal trade was in coal, corn and textiles. The city became important as a raw wool market and when the Calder and Hebble Navigation opened up the routes to the west, it became a major corn market. From 1802 boat building was taking place near Calder Row between Barnsley Road and Doncaster Road (3).

Map of Calder Row, Wakefield, 1848. © Ordnance Survey & National Library of Scotland (4)

Mary had older siblings called Elizabeth Jane and Harvey born in 1842 and 1846 respectively. Jane appears to have been pregnant with Elizabeth Jane when she married Joseph (5 & 6).

The 1851 Census showed Joseph and Jane and the three oldest children Martha Jane rather than Elizabeth Jane, Harvey and Mary living at Sandal Common which is now the Agbrigg and Belle Vue area. The Census confirms that Joseph was born in Shepley, West Riding of Yorkshire in about 1821 and his occupation was a labourer. Jane was born in Wakefield in 1823 (7).

Mary Clarkson (nee Cockhill) 1851 England Census © The National Archives & Find My Past (7)

Further siblings followed with Ann in 1853, Joseph in 1856, Eliza in 1859 and Arthur in 1862. Joseph and Arthur both died in infancy in 1856 and 1863 respectively (8, 9, 10, 11, 12 & 13).

In 1861 the family were still living at Sandal Common with Joseph working as a labourer. Eldest daughter, Elizabeth Jane was working as a servant and Harvey was working as a pattern maker. Mary and Ann were recorded as scholars and not working whilst Eliza was only age two (14).

Mary Clarkson (nee Cockhill) 1861 England Census © The National Archives & Find My Past (14)

The death of Mary's father Joseph was recorded in the Jan-Mar quarter, 1869 in the Wakefield District at age 54. The age seems was slightly older than expected compared with the census returns but there does not appear to be an other candidates with a similar name dying at this time (15).

The burial register records Joseph as Cockle rather than Cockell and as age 54 with an abode of Sandal (16).

Joseph Cockell Parish Burial, 1869 © West Yorkshire Archives, Wakefield & Ancestry (16)

Mary's mother, Jane was recorded as a widow in the 1871 Census with just Mary, age 21 and Eliza, age 12 living at home. Mary was working as a dressmaker & the family had a lodger, George Hollingworth living with them (17)

Mary Clarkson (nee Cockell) 1871 England Census © The National Archives & Find My Past (17)

On 23rd December 1875 Mary married Benjamin Bayley Frank Clarkson at The Parish Church of St. Mary's Wakefield by licence. St. Mary's Church served the Primrose Hill and Lower Kirkgate areas of Wakefield and was demolished in the 1960's. Mary was living at Hardy Croft which still exists and is just off Peterson Road where it meets Marsh Way at Kirkgate. Benjamin was recorded as a chemist living at Kirkgate (18 & 19).

Druggists and chemists at this time were involved in the sale of goods without prescription, the ingredients of remedies, patent preparation, medicine chests and special cure-alls. Most offered advice but their remit was broader. A typical chemist shop at the time would stock a wide range of pharmaceutical preparations, stock a selection of toilet articles, tobacco, snuff, tea, coffee, herbs and other foodstuffs, oils, candles and dyes. Some druggists and chemists traded in cosmetics, hair dyes, perfumes, candles, spices, pickles, sauces, herbs and "Italian goods" (20).

Benjamin Bayley Frank Clarkson & Mary Cockell Parish Marriage, 1775 © West Yorkshire Archives, Wakefield & Ancestry (18)

The 1851 and 1861 Census confirmed that Benjamin's father, Reverend Thomas Bayley Clarkson was the chaplain at the West Riding Lunatic Asylum, known as Stanley Royd, Wakefield (21 & 22).

He had been appointed by the Committee of Visitors in 1843, age 48. He kept a journal during his 26 tenure over multiple volumes but only one volume from 1853-54 has survived. It was written neatly and every patient mentioned appears in an index at the front. The purpose of Clarkson's journal was to be inspected by visiting magistrates, so it recorded all the services conducted, statistics of attendees, the names of patients and staff who had taken communion and reflections of some of the patients he had come into contact with. One of the patients he wrote about was Mary Frances Heaton, 1801-1878 who had a blue plaque unveiled in 2020 courtesy of Wakefield Civic Society & Dream Time Creative. A report by Medical Superintendent by John Septimus Alderson from 1856 made it plain that Clarkson had gone above the call of duty and was running classes for the patients at at a time of change at Stanley Royd. It is clear from the patient notes written by Reverend Clarkson that he was a well educated man (23).

Mary and Benjamin were recorded as having six children and chose distinctive names with at least one middle name. The first, Henry Fairfax Clarkson born 18th January 1877 and he was baptised 17th February 1877. The abode was recorded as Wood Street, Wakefield and Benjamin's occupation was a chemist (24 & 25).

Henry Fairfax Clarkson Parish Baptism, 1877 © West Yorkshire Archives, Wakefield & Ancestry (25)

The second child, Lawrence Frank Clarkson was born 18th November 1878 and was baptised at All Saints, Wakefield on 28th March 1879. The abode was recorded as Kirkgate and Benjamin's occupation was a chemist (26 & 27).

Lawrence Frank Clarkson Parish Baptism, 1879 © West Yorkshire Archives, Wakefield & Ancestry (27)

The third child, Rosamond Harriet Leigh Clarkson was born 8th November 1880 and baptised at Wakefield All Saints on 5th March 1882. The abode was recorded as Kirkgate and Benjamin's occupation was a chemist (28 & 29).

Rosamond Harriet Leigh Clarkson Parish Baptism, 1882 © West Yorkshire Archives, Wakefield & Ancestry (29)

The 1881 Census showed Mary, Benjamin, Henry Fairfax, Lawrence Frank and Rosamond Harriet Leigh living at 152 Kirkgate, Wakefield. It confirmed that Benjamin was fifteen years old than Mary at age 46 whilst she was 31. Benjamin was recorded with a birth place of Newmillerdam, near Wakefield and his occupation was a chemist (30).

Mary Clarkson (nee Cockell) 1881 England Census © The National Archives & Find My Past (30)

The fourth child, Frederick Harvey Clarkson had his birth registered in the Wakefield District in the April to June quarter, 1883 and was baptised at St. Mary, Wakefield on the 15th April 1883. The abode was recorded as 152 Kirkgate and if not renumbered is now a Kurdistan restaurant. Benjamin's occupation was a chemist and druggist (31 & 32).

Frederick Harvey Clarkson Parish Baptism, 1883 © West Yorkshire Archives, Wakefield & Ancestry (32)

The fifth child, Charles Edward Hunter Clarkson had his birth registered in the Wakefield District in the April to June quarter, 1885 and was baptised at St. Anne, Wrenthorpe, near Wakefield on the 22nd May 1887. The abode was recorded as The Haugh, Silcoates and Benjamin's occupation was a chemist (33 & 34).

Charles Edward Hunter Clarkson Parish Baptism, 1887 © West Yorkshire Archives, Wakefield & Ancestry (34)

The Haugh, Silcoates appeared on this map below 1906 and was at the bottom of what is now Wrenthorpe Lane, Wrenthorpe and is now the Hall Cliffe Primary School (35)

Map of The Haugh Wrenthorpe, 1906. © Ordnance Survey & National Library of Scotland (35)

The Haugh, Wrenthorpe Lane, Wrenthorpe © Ancestral Enquiries 2026 (36)

The sixth child, Mary Penelope Clarkson had her birth registered in the Wakefield District in the April to June quarter, 1887 and was baptised at St. Anne, Wrenthorpe, near Wakefield on the same day as elder brother, Charles Edward Hunter Clarkson on 22nd May 1887. The abode was recorded as The Haugh, Silcoates and Benjamin's occupation was a chemist (37 & 38).

Mary Penelope Clarkson Parish Baptism, 1887 © West Yorkshire Archives, Wakefield & Ancestry (38)

Mary and her family's world was turned up side down when on the 14th April 1889 Benjamin, a master chemist died age 54 of pneumonia at an address in South Featherstone. Mary was present at the death and was now a widow, age 39 and left with six children to bring up on her own between the ages of twelve and about two (39)

Benjamin Bayley Frank Clarkson Death, Pontefract, 1889. © General Register Office (39)

Benjamin was buried on the 17th April 1889, three days after his death in the parish of St. James with Christ Church, Thornes, Wakefield. His abode was recorded as Featherstone, so it was likely that the family had moved there from the Haugh in Wrenthorpe. No probate calendar for a will was identified for Benjamin (40)

Benjamin Bayley Frank Clarkson Parish Burial, 1889 © West Yorkshire Archives, Wakefield & Ancestry (40)

In the 1891 Census Mary now a widow was recorded living at 45 Rodney Yard, Wakefield which is near the south side of The Ridings Shopping Centre today. Her occupation was recorded as a dressmaker. There were just three of her children; Henry Fairfax, age 14 is a school monitor and Charles Edward, age 6 and Mary Penelope, age 4 living with her (41).

Mary Clarkson (nee Cockell) 1891 England Census © The National Archives & Find My Past (41)

Three of Mary's children were not recorded at home in Wakefield in 1891. Two of them, Rosamond Harriet Leigh and Frederick Harvey were residing at the Crossley and Porter Orphan Home and School at Skircoat, Halifax (42 & 43).

The school was set up by Francis, John and Joseph Crossley, the successful carpet manufacturers. The aims of the school were to lodge, board, clothe, educate and apprentice children who had lost both their parents or their father. The first boys arrived in 1864. The building was designed by John Hogg at a cost of around £56,000. As well as funding the construction the Crossley brothers provided an annual endowment of £3,000 towards the running of the school which was planned to house up to 400.

Those admitted were expected to contribute between £5 and £10 per year except for forty whose costs were met from the endowment which was also supplemented by public donations and subscriptions. Children were admitted from the age of six with boys remaining until age fifteen and girls until seventeen. In the 1880's eighty percent of the children came from outside of the Halifax area. Visitors were allowed on the first Tuesday of each month for a maximum of two hours, later increased to three.

The children had a basic education of reading, writing, arithmetic and bible study and were also taught geography, drawing, basic natural science and singing. The more gifted boys could also study Latin, a modern language, algebra and geometry. In the early years the girls education focused on needlework and other domestic skills. Following the 1870 Education Act official inspections of the school were carried out with the children taking Cambridge Local examinations from 1876. In 1877 the girls were given their own headmistress for whom a two storey extension was built in 1883.

The main building included dormitories, classrooms, dining and washing facilities. There were separate boys and girls playrooms with swimming baths and various ancillary buildings such as laundry.

By 1887 there were 220 orphans at the home though it could house 500 children. In the same year Manchester yarn merchant, Thomas Porter made a £50,000 endowment, provided that the school was renamed the Crossley and Porter Orphan Home and School. This donation allowed extra places to be subsidised and increase numbers. Extra land was purchased to erect a sanitorium called Horsfall House. In 1985 the school merged with Heath School to form the Crossley Heath School. The buildings are still there today apart from the sanitorium. If Mary had to pay the £5 or £10 a year fee then this would have been a substantial amount and out of reach of most families. (44).

Rosamond Harriet Leigh Clarkson 1891 England Census © The National Archives & Find My Past (42)

By the 1901 Census, Mary and Rosamond Harriet Leigh, Frederick Harvey, Charles Edward Hunter and Mary Penelope were living at Longfield Mount, off Alverthorpe Road with the children returned from Halifax. Mary was working as a Visitor for the School Board and the children have obtained respectable occupations. Rosamond was a shorthand clerk, Frederick was a apprentice engine fitter and Charles an engineer (46).

Initially local authorities often employed middle class 'lady visitors' who would remind parents of their responsibilities when their children were truanting. Local authorities were under pressure from ratepayers, so employed attendance officers to reduce anti-social behaviour such as begging and vandalism (47).

The 1870 Education Act allowed voluntary schools to carry on unchanged, but established a system of 'school boards' to build and manage schools in areas where they were needed. The boards were locally elected bodies which drew funding from their local rates (48).

On Wednesday 1st July 1903 the Leeds and Yorkshire Mercury reported on the last meeting of the Wakefield School Board which had existed for 32 years since the Education Act of 1870. The Education Act of 1902 allowed the creatin of the Education Committee to replace the School Board (49).

The 1911 Census confirmed that Mary had survived the upheaval of the changes from the School Board to the Education Committee and was employed as a school visitor by the Corporation Education Committee. She was now residing in an eight room house at 30 Ings Road, Wakefield with sufficient income to employ a domestic servant. Living with her were three of her children, Henry Fairfax, an assistant teacher at an elementary school and Frederick Harvey and Charles Edward Hunter both working as motor engineers on their own account. The census confirmed that all six of her children were alive (50).

The Wakefield Express on Saturday 5th August 1911 reported on the wedding at the Zion Chapel, Wakefield of Mary's youngest daughter, Mary Penelope Clarkson to Mr John Baker of Darlington who had been science master at Silcoates School for the past six years. This was followed by afternoon tea for 65 guests at the George Street Assembly Rooms with the happy couple leaving for London en-route to Ilfracombe, Devon for a honeymoon.

The newspaper report goes into great detail about the bride and bridegrooms friends, families and acquaintances and where they lived. The list of wedding gifts gives a good insight what were fashionable gifts were then and how Mary's social status had improved. These include the following:

silver and enamel buttons.
dressing case, brooch.
signet rings.
gold cross.
two cheques.
mahogany music cabinet.
afternoon tea companion.
silver fish knives and servers.
silver cake basket.
coal box.
breakfast cruet.
silver tea knives.
silver salts.
pair of d'oyles.
pair of court rose bowls.
porcelain.
photograph and frame.
cushion.
water colour.
silver afternoon tea spoons.
silver sugar basin and sifter.
jam jar.
brass ink stand.
bedspread.
salad servers.
toast rack.
quilted eiderdown.
ornament.
afternoon tea set and tray.
vase.
silver mounted bread board and knife.
lunch dish.
silver jam spoon.
pickle fork.
butter knife.
two silver jam dishes.
table cloth.
silver fern pot.
Shereton clock.
satin table centre.
pair of photograph frames.
barometer.
silver fern pot.
trinket set.
plant stand.
works of Tennyson.
silver butter dish.
salad bowl and servers.
picture.
book.
two water colours.
picture.
photograph.
silver cream jug.
gong.
plant pot.
oak clock.
cruet.
pair of chair backs.
silver tea strainer.
table centre.
hand embroidered Chinese handbag.
tray cloth.

It was reported that on the following day, Mary's eldest son, Henry Fairfax Clarkson married Alice Maud, second daughter of Mr W. Coulson, J.P., Wombwell, Barnsley at St. Peter's Church, Hoyland (51).

It was not until the 1921 Census that Mary was recorded as being a resident of 14 St. John's Square. Her age was recorded as 64 years 11 months but according to the 1911 Census ten years prior she was age 62. Her true age was 72 as she was born in 1849. She was still employed as school visitor though it initially said health visitor before being overwritten. Mary's son Frederick Harvey and Charles Edward were company directors of Clarkson Brothers Limited Motor Engineers based at Olympia Garage, Wakefield with their sister Rosamond Harriet Leigh working as the company secretary. Rosamond had two children, Jean and Marie living at the property and also living at the property was John F. Baker, son of Mary's youngest daughter, Mary Penelope. Mary had one servant recorded living at the property (52).

The Sheffield Daily Telegraph from the 28th July 1920 reported a new company called Clarkson Brothers Ltd, a private company registered on the 23rd July 1920 with capital of £10,000 in £1 shares. The business was to carry out the business of motor, electrical and general engineers, iron and steel merchants, ironmongers and dealers in hardware etc with registered office at Olympia Garage, Ings Road, Wakefield. The company was offering a diverse range of services and products than was suggested in the 1921 Census (53).

Mary died on the 19th February 1935, age 85 and some 46 years after Benjamin from cardiac failure, myocardial degeneration and senile gangrene in the left leg. Senile gangrene usually occurs in old people and is usually caused by insufficient blood supply due to degeneration of the walls of the smaller arteries. The address of death was "Wayside", Doncaster Road, Crofton, near Wakefield. Mary's daughter Rosamond Harriet Leigh was present at the death. No probate calendar for a will was identified for Mary (54).

It was clear that Mary overcame the difficulties of losing her husband Benjamin at a relatively young age. Unlike many women in the 19th century she did not remarry for convenience. Although she may have been better off than the majority of women at that time she still had six children to bring up. She was able to carve out a career as a school board visitor with the local authority and was still working age 72, providing her children with improved education, social connections which allowed them to set up in business to give them a chance of a better future.

Sources:

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One Place Study, 14 St. John's Square - Mary Clarkson (nee Cockell)

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